How to do a child labor paper: :: Essays Papers

How to do a child labor paper Child labor whitethorn well be morally obscene but economists go beyond this and rationally argue for policies that will help children. Traditional arguments based on perfect competition are unhelpful and make up suggest child labor may be a good thing. The argument is made persuasively in Krugmans In Praise of dirt cheap Labor. Legislating higher wages for some group will quite likely reduce overall employment and make workers as a class worse off. Banning child labor may force children away from legitimate work to work that is off the books and not necessarily legal. stipulation that the sex trade is highly profitable and illegal it is easy to imagine this may well make children far worse off. However, there is a bastardly rational argument provided by Kaushik Basu to support the moral indignation many of us feel. The key to the argument is the bond between parent and child. Parents will not necessarily do what is in their b est interest because they are altruistic and put the interests of the children first. The second key to the argument is that as children are sent= to crop rather than work the wages of adults increase. These two create the potential for multiple equilibria. If all children work, then adult wages will be low and adults may well need to send the children to work to survive. However, if all children go to school then adult wages are higher and it may be that now the family can survive and send the children to school. If this is possible, it is what parents will choose because we assumed they are altruistic. (You should explain and add the diagram.) After covering these basics you should do at least(prenominal) some of the followingDiscuss how this theory does or does not support trade restrictions on countries that use child labor.

Business Ethics in Todays Corporate World Essay -- Business Morals Et

duty Ethics in Todays Corporate World commercial enterprise ethics is part of todays connection whether you like it or not. There are many things happening in todays integrated world that needs to be opinioned. Are ethical judgments merely a matter of personal opinion?Yes because we live in a free family I think that most ethical judgments are based on a matter of what you believe in. Everyone has the right to think distinctly. There will in addition be similarities and differences in your ethical point of view because of religion, race, and education but I dont think it will be much diametrical than someone elses opinion if it every last(predicate) comes down to these factors. I besides think that personal opinion can be attributed to how sensitive the topic is. For eccentric same sex marriage is a very sensitive issue as well as abortion. When you look at the news and see embodied giants like Enron and WorldCom a question mark comes to my mind. I ask my self what hap pened to the conscience of the people making terminations in the integrated offices. I believe that a lot of the finishs are made because of self-interest. These executives were looking out for themselves and forgot about the shareholders of the federation, which are equ eachy principal(prenominal) because they own part of the corporation. That is why we are seeing every(prenominal)(prenominal) of these incorporated scandals on the news today Ask yourself if you think what Microsoft did was ethical. When you think about Microsofts antitrust case it reminds you of a corporate giant that makes decisions in their self-interest. They didnt care if they were eviling another confederation. The company that was most bruise from these illegal business practices was Netscape. Microsoft wanted to eliminate its competitors by performing business practices that would hurt other companies in its market segment. We all know what happens when there is no competition? Companies raise pri ces because of the law of supply and demand. I guess its all about competition. If a corporation doesnt take aim in effect(p) business ethics would it be a ripe idea for that company to do good works in the community? I would say no because if the executives that run the company turn in no integrity whatsoever to make decisions in their company what makes you think that they are going to care about the community in which they are suppose to volunteer in. The image of a company is very most-valuable and if the c... ...nies need to be more careful in selecting or hiring employees. This will decrease the discharging of employees for no reason. If I was an executive I would like to have the emancipation to do any(prenominal) it takes to make the business succeed. If it comes to firing someone that has done something wrong then I would sit down with that person and explain to the various(prenominal)ist the wrongdoing. The companies that follow the principle of the EAW believe t hat if they own the company and manage it then they have the power do what they want. I dont have a problem with that, but is it morally wrong to fire someone because they have done nothing wrong. This is were I disagree with the company. Companies should be able to do whatever they want with there business as long as they follow rules and regulations. They need to consider that people have feelings and when you are making a decision that is going to affect someone you need to let them know why it happened. If the person fired has a family and you are discharging them for no reason you also have to think about that this person has a family and that the company has a say whether this person will make a living while he or she looks for another job. Business Ethics in Todays Corporate World Essay -- Business Morals EtBusiness Ethics in Todays Corporate WorldBusiness ethics is part of todays society whether you like it or not. There are many things happening in todays corporate world that needs to be opinioned. Are ethical judgments merely a matter of personal opinion?Yes because we live in a free society I think that most ethical judgments are based on a matter of what you believe in. Everyone has the right to think differently. There will also be similarities and differences in your ethical point of view because of religion, race, and education but I dont think it will be much different than someone elses opinion if it all comes down to these factors. I also think that personal opinion can be attributed to how sensitive the topic is. For moral same sex marriage is a very sensitive issue as well as abortion. When you look at the news and see corporate giants like Enron and WorldCom a question mark comes to my mind. I ask my self what happened to the conscience of the people making decisions in the corporate offices. I believe that a lot of the decisions are made because of self-interest. These executives were looking out for themselves and forgot about the shareholders of the company, which are equally important because they own part of the corporation. That is why we are seeing all of these corporate scandals on the news today Ask yourself if you think what Microsoft did was ethical. When you think about Microsofts antitrust case it reminds you of a corporate giant that makes decisions in their self-interest. They didnt care if they were hurting another company. The company that was most hurt from these illegal business practices was Netscape. Microsoft wanted to eliminate its competitors by performing business practices that would hurt other companies in its market segment. We all know what happens when there is no competition? Companies raise prices because of the law of supply and demand. I guess its all about competition. If a corporation doesnt have good business ethics would it be a good idea for that company to do good works in the community? I would say no because if the executives that run the company have no integrity whatsoever to make decisions in their company what makes you think that they are going to care about the community in which they are suppose to volunteer in. The image of a company is very important and if the c... ...nies need to be more careful in selecting or hiring employees. This will decrease the discharging of employees for no reason. If I was an executive I would like to have the freedom to do whatever it takes to make the business succeed. If it comes to firing someone that has done something wrong then I would sit down with that person and explain to the individual the wrongdoing. The companies that follow the principle of the EAW believe that if they own the company and manage it then they have the power do what they want. I dont have a problem with that, but is it morally wrong to fire someone because they have done nothing wrong. This is were I disagree with the company. Companies should be able to do whatever they want with there business as long as they follow rules and regulations. They need to consider that people have feelings and when you are making a decision that is going to affect someone you need to let them know why it happened. If the person fired has a family and you are discharging them for no reason you also have to think about that this person has a family and that the company has a say whether this person will make a living while he or she looks for another job.

The Men of Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston Essays

The Men of Their Eyes Were reflection God by Zora Neale Hurston In Their Eyes Were Watching God, by Zora Neale Hurston, the reader is given a crabby glimpse into Janies life with reference to the men she has known. Janies three men are all very different, yet they were all Janies husband at one channel in her life. Although they all behaved differently, in lifestyle as well as their relationship with Janie, they all shared certain similarities. Janies first husband was a ugly old soul named Logan Killicks. He was an ugly, dirty farmer whose prime concern for Janie was that she do her share of the work in order to keep the farm up and running. Janie was simply another pair of hands to do some work. When compared with Janies second husband, Logan seems uncaring and rude. When Janie first met her second husband, Joe, he was very caring and reassuring - an nonesuch husband. Joe was an ambitious young man with many goals set out for him. And like Janie, he was raised around a wh ite background. Joe strived to be and have the trounce at everything. However, once Joe got Janie as his wife, he became a jealous and demanding man, just as Logan had been. Joe saw himself as a god, his sentences began with I god... ... ...use he used it to second himself become mayor. Tea Cake love Janie for who she was as a woman. All three had completely different things to offer Janie economically, socially, and emotionally. The two rich men loved a woman, the poor man loved Janie. Works Cited and Consulted Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. New York Perennial Classics, 1990. Interpretations Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Williams, Shirley Anne. Forward. Their Eyes Were Watching God. By Zora Neale Hurston. New York Bantam-Dell, 1937. xv.

Abolishing Poverty in The United States :: Poverty Essays

Abolishing Poverty in The United StatesIf I had the power to abate poverty in the United States I would doit in a second. Abolishing poverty would be almost impossible because there arejust to many paltry hatful for one person to help. To abolish poverty we must allwork to help those who are poor get out of this condition.There are two types of poor, there are multitude who are relatively poorand there are slew who are perfectly poor. People who are relatively poorare poor compared to the people around them. These people usually only havethe bare necessities to survive like food, clothing or shelter. They power evenhave a fast(a) job but they just dont have any real wealth. In fact people whoare relatively poor are usually in the lower 5% of the population in terms ofwealth. People who live the state of absolute poverty can not sustain a received level of living . These people have a hard time getting money for food ,clothing, or shelter. People who are absolutely poor have a rough time gettingmoney to put food on the table one day and the next day they might not have anymoney to put food on the table. Not all people who are relatively poor areabsolutely poor, but, all people who are absolutely poor are relatively poor.These types of poor are found all throughout the world especially inunderdeveloped countries. In the United States a advanced well-developedcountry both(prenominal) absolute and relative poverty are present throughout the country.I guess that absolute poverty has no beneficial purposes to society.However, relative poverty does have beneficial functions. I think that relativepoverty can make people competitive. It would do this because people always tryto do better then the people around them. This competitiveness might forcepeople to work overtime or even two jobs in order to make more than the peoplearound them. There are some major monetary values that both povertys have on society.These costs include In areas of high poverty there ar e usually the same areasof high violence. A second cost to society might be that some people inpoverty might become eudaemonia dependent, this means that they rely solely onwelfare to pay for everything and they dont even try to find a job of thereown. These negative costs definitely outweigh the benefits.If I had control of the poverty seat in the United States I wouldonly try to eliminate absolute poverty. I first would raise the taxes of the

Roles of the Housekeeper and Nursemaid in Brontes Jane Eyre :: Jane Eyre essays

Roles of the Housekeeper and Nursemaid in Brontes Jane Eyre Just as servants played an essential role in tight-laced England, they also played an essential role in the novel Jane Eyre. Bronte uses servants in a variety of ways. For example the housekeeper is used to bring terror and utter rejection on Jane. The nursemaid is used to teach Jane to love and nurture without neglecting discipline. The housekeeper was most often a widow, wor kinsfolkg for her kin (H sickish 119). Mrs. Fairfax falls under the category of the widowed elderly lady working for her kin (107 ch. 11). It is Mrs. Fairfax who responds to Janes ad and hires her (96 ch. 10). It is also Mrs. Fairfax who warns Jane before her wedding to Rochester that she should not trust him. Being the housekeeper as well as kin Mrs. Fairfax knows a lot about Rochester. She suggests that Jane keep Mr. Rochester at a distance distrust yourself as well as him ( 263 ch. 24). Bronte uses the stern housekeeper in the novel to entice Ja ne. The stern and disproving Mrs. Fairfax signifies the distress and turmoil that is soon to take place with the pending wedding. The housekeeper was often a terror to other servants in the home, and is the character of many stories pursue (Huggert 33). Mrs. Fairfax adhering to her role as housekeeper attempts to stir terror in Jane about marrying Rochester by telling her to distrust him (263 ch. 24). We find that Mrs. Fairfaxs warning does indeed take a toll on Janes behavior toward Rochester. After treating Rochester coolly for weeks, Jane says, Mrs. Fairfax, I saw, approved me (272 ch. 25). The similar kind of attributes are displayed by Hannah the housekeeper at Moor House. The same kind of close loyal bond is also displayed by Hannah. When Jane knocks on the door of Moor House , it is Hannah who answers and turns her away. Hannahs loyalty to the family causes her to distrust strangers and attempt to treasure their interests. She refuses to allow Jane to even speak to her mis tresses (329 ch. 28 ). Jane continues claiming she will die if turned away. Hannah responds Not you. Im feard you have some ill plans agate, that bring you about folks houses at this time o night. If youve any followers- housebreakers or such like- anywhere near, you may tell them we are not by ourselves in the house we have a gentleman, and dogs, and guns.

Age of Enlightenment Essay -- World History, 18th century

The 18th ampere-second is referred to as the Age of En trippingenment. The trends in thought and letters from Europe to the American colonies brought a new light and attention upon mankind. This new relocation described a time in Western philosophy and cultural life in which reason was advocated as the special source and legitimacy for authority. To pull in the natural reality and humankinds place in it solely on the basis of reason and without turning to religious belief was the oddment of the wide-ranging intellectual movement (Hackett). At the heart o this age, a conflict began between religion and the inquiring mind that wanted to know and understand through reason based on evidence and proof rather than belief on faith alone. Many scholars believed that this was primarily a French movement because the French culture dominated Europe and their ideas were expressed in the environment of the Parisian salon. IN my opinion, this movement was even more authoritative on the wor ld because it was primarily a middle-class movement.. These pioneers labored for man in general and for humanity. This was also an era that public readings by scholars and philosophers came into existence because of increased literacy. These philosophers however, lived a very(prenominal) precarious life due to the fact that they did not know if they would be imprisoned or courted for their public performances. The analytical methods of Newtonian physics placed its feeling on the Enlightenment Era. Order and regularity came from the analysis of observed facts. The new ideal of knowledge was simply a further development of the 17th century logic and science with a new emphasis on 1. The particular rather than the general. 2. Observable facts rather than principles. 3. Experience ra... ... because human beings are more voluntary to question their belief systems now and that is thanks to the Age of Enlightenment. I believe the most important issues involving the Enlightenment period was the recognition of the middle class. Most of the influential people of the period were from the working class. The rise in literacy gave the middle class more opportunities to spread their wings and become an influential voice in society. ReferencesCopestone, Frederick., A History of Philosophy. London. Search, 1946.Print. Roman, Chris. A World of Ideas. New York. Palatine. 1999.PrintThackeray, Frank. Events that Changed the World in the Eighteenth Century. Westport. Greenwood Press.1998. Print. World History Project. World History International. 1995-2006. Web. 19 Dec. 2010Rempel, Gerhard, Western New England College. 2007.Web. 19 Dec 2010

Afghan War to Drone Attacks: Legality Under Ihl Essay

IntroductionSince the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001,And Ameri grass starting Global War on little terror and attacks on afghanistan in persuit of AL-QAEDA and TALIBAN as they were altogethereged to be involved in attacks of 9/11.Pakistan being a neighboring state likewise got effected by this contend and a series of Suicide bombing started due to Pakistans alliance with Ameri mickle as front demarcation line strategic partner in this contendf be .Similarly more dangerous argona in Pakistan was Tribal Areas on Afghan boarder and m any militants escaping from Afghanistan came to these areas and allegedly planed attacks on allies take outs chip in Afghanistan. So Americans expanded this state of war inside the Pakistani Boarder for attacking militants by poke Attacks.Drone attacks in Pakistan are one of the most important and controversial aspects of the Bush as comfortably as Obama Administrations approach to fighting terrorism. The profoundity of licks has be en interrogativeed for a variety of reasons, some more grounded in fact than others, moreover in spite of these criticisms in that location is little question that the custom of sounds in surveillance and combat roles is on the rise world(prenominal) police fierceness has had to grapple with the fundamental challenges that large-scale violence carried appear by non- postulate actors poses to the traditional inter-State orientation of international police force.Questions related to the adequacy and effectiveness of international humanist faithfulness, international human rights law and the law related to the use of personnel office brook been crabbedly pronounced The first reported use of a drone was in 1919, when the inventor of autopilot applied science and the gyroscope, Elmer Sperry, sunk a German battleship with a pilotless aircraft. The Vietnam War saw drones used for surveillance purposes. Drones have the improvement of being able to gather valuable acquaint ance without the inherent risk to human life that a traditional way by a piloted craft would pose.Base for the Use of DronesDrones base can be found from the speech of American President Bush period he was addressing joint session of American Congress and House of Representstive shortly after 9/11 stating that We will direct every resource at our command, every means of diplomacy, every tool of intelligence, every instrument of law enforcement, every financial influence, and every necessary weapon of war, to attack and to the defeat of the global terror network.The Bush Administration found great value in drone technology and used attack drones against targets in several countries, including Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iraq.Under President Obama, the use of attack drones has nonably accelerated. The Taliban, subdued but non defeated, has not become a non-violent semipolitical force in the new Afghanistan.Nature of Pak-Afghan Border , Its Effect.The border betwixt Afghanistan and Pakistan may separate two sovereign States as a bailiwick of law, but the Durand Line rarely functions as such in practice. This is the Pakhtun heart lend, a transnational tribal cultural geographical region with large populations of Pashtuns on either side of the border. It is because of this intermingling of culture and allegiance that the area is frequently referred to as Pak-Afghan It is here where Al Qaedas then first- and second-in-command, Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri, were generally believed to be hiding until bin Laden was killed in an American raid on May 1, 2011 in Abbottabad, Pakistan.So due to this close relationship between the entrance hall of Pak Afghan boarder people use to come here and there acrose the border .So it becomes necessary for fighting terrorism to take performs on both sides of Pak Afghan border, But it does not mean that the forces acting in Afghanistan have free hand to attack withal in the rule of Pakistan whenever and however they wa nt. These attacks have to be in limitations of the harnesss of IHL.Drones, Importance in Targeting disquietudeistIt is undeniable that American drone attacks in north-west Pakistan have had a significant impact in terms of deaths and injuries to civilians and wrong to civilian objects. In light of the stated purpose of these attacks, to facilitate the defeat of the Taliban and its Al Qaeda allies, this quantum of harm may or may not be justifiable in terms of morality, ethics or policy, but these considerations are not, or are at least not wholly, considerations that determine the good analysis.For shell, it is feasible to bear the use of drone attacks, either in particular situations or entirely, as a matter of morality, ethics or policy, and still conclude that any attack is unlawful.The inverse position is also possible. whether or not drone attacks are legal under international law related to the use of force is not dispositive as to their legality under international hu manitarian law. As with the juxtaposition of considerations of morality, ethics and policy, there need not be any coefficient of correlation between the legal analysis under the law related to the use of force and the legal analysis under international humanitarian law. As a matter of law, these are completely separate analyses. The legal determination of what constitutes the battlefield has particular significance for the use of drones, particularly build up drones. This is because the battlefield is used to effectively define the scope of IHLs application. In situations outside the scope of IHL, international human rights law (IHRL) applies. just IHL allows for lethal force to be employed establish upon the status of the target. A member of the enemys forces may be targeted with lethal force base purely on his status as a member of those forces. That individual does not have to pose a current threat to friendly forces or civilians at the time of targeting. In contrast, IHRL pe rmits lethal force only after a showing of dangerousness. Under IHRL, lethal force may only be employed if the individual poses an imminent threat to law enforcement officers attempting arrest or to other individuals. Further, IHRL requires that an opportunity to surrender be offered before lethal force is employed.Controversy Regarding Application of IHL on Drone AttacksBefore assessing the right of to each one American drone attack in northwest Pakistan under international humanitarian law, it is necessary to first draw the distinction in law between situations of violence and situations of arm bout and then to understand how international humanitarian law classifies situations of gird dispute. global humanitarian law did not yield a clear definition of arm difference, despite the fact that international humanitarian laws application relies upon the existence of an arm conflict.no(prenominal)e of the Four geneva Conventions of1949, nor either of the two 1977 Additional Prot ocols to the Geneva Conventions define armed conflict, and the consensus view is that the existence of an armed conflict is determined on the basis of the particular facts and circumstances.Major stimulate of this ambiguity is long Afghan War and its different phases having different legal scope.Changing Nature Of Afghan ConflictThe armed conflict in the land of Afghanistan is one of the longest conflicts in world history. The nature of the conflict has changed with the course of time. The war with spears, swords, cannons, guns and now the hottest Drones. Simultaneously, the dynamics of humanitarian law cannot be ignored. The law of war was not that explicit in ancient times like the way they are now. We will assess the conflict status after 9/11 attack. The period since then can be divided into two phase * 7th October 2001 to 19th June 2002* June 2002 to presentIf we discard the armed conflict of Afghanistan post 9/11 then it will be hard to understand the changing trend. On 12th September 2001. A resolution no.1368 has been passed by Security Council which legalized the war (Operation enduring freedom) on terror by US in the land of Afghanistan. The contention from the side of US was right to self defense and collective rights. The interference of such nature go bys rise to followers upshots * The armed opposition on one side and the intervening state/states supporting the other side charge the nature of the conflict as non-international armed conflictThe discrepancy in the warfare technology is one of the causes behind this. As US is equipped with elevated tech war machines while on the other hand the armed opposition are far more inferior. This led them to shift hostilities in a different level to cope up with the opponent. Hence, they have started targeting crowded areas among civilians. This finally resulted in a blur to apply the pattern of distinction between the combatants and non combatant. In the selfsame(prenominal) manner While there is so me disagreement some whether combatant status should be recognized in non-international armed conflicts, that dispute is strange when it comes to questions concerning the status of members of al-Qaeda or other terrorist organizations.Because combatant status is based upon membership in a group that organizationally enforces compliance with the rules of international law applicable in armed conflict. Groups such as al-Qaeda, whose means and methods of warfare include deliberately targeting civilians, cannot claim combatant status for their members. It should be emphasized that the demeanor of an individual al-Qaeda member cannot confer combatant status. No matter how un assuagedly an individual member of a non-privileged group adheres to IHL or how scrupulously they draw between civilian and military targets, they are never entitled to the combatants privilege and may therefore be criminally liable for attacks on members of an opposing armed force. Al-Qaeda does not, as some hav e suggested, have a basic right to engage in combat against us in response to our attacks.If al-Qaeda members are not combatants, then what are they? Like all people, IHL treats them as being presumptively civilians who, as a general rule are immune from targeting. If they are civilians than how American Harold H. Koh, legal consultant to the link up States State Department relied on the Art 51 of UN charter for justification of Drones in Pakistani territory. This in term of humanitarian law is known as Asymmetric warfare. On 5th December 2001, an accord was made, known as Bonn Agreement which formed a Transitional administration in Afghanistan. With this emergency Loya Jirga, the one year old international armed conflict terminated but the hostilities continued from the side of the Taliban and Al-Qaeda.This type, this puppet government was striving hard against this opposition. This has taken a new shape of a non international armed conflict. At this draw a bead on the applicat ion of the article 3(common article) of Geneva Convention, 1949 was no more questionable. The gravity of the new form was so grave that even prevalent International customary humanitarian law cannot be set aside. Where IHL Applies? And Status of Drones In Pakistani Territory But a question remains over the legality of the US support in afghan war because there are some criteria which are required to be fulfilled to justify the attacks. The criteria are The armed opposition should have control over the territories of that country They (armed opposition) must have carried out, sustained and concerted military Operations.They must have control over the civilians in certain territory of that state The AdPII is not binding on the states who havent ratified it Even if they (US) ratify, they are not bound because, the AdPII is applicable in the conflict between a state actor and the non sate actor of that country (Article 1(1) of AdPII).On the basis of same arguments as Drones are par t of this War on Terror but their targets are in Pakistan are of more grave nature as Allies Armies are not fighting in Pakistan or against Pakistan nor Americans are doing so because they are not in Conflict With Pakistan but in saying They are strategic partner in this War. And importantly like armed conflict, non international Armed conflict also have no definition under International law of nature which can cover this War on Terror as international or internal armed conflict so it became controversial that either these Drone Attacks are subject to IHL or IHRL due to obscure nature of this War specially its actions in Pakistani territory, Because IHL only applies in International Armed conflict and requires some qualifications to become a combatant which can be summed up as under A combatant is1) a member of the armed forces of a Party to the conflict (who then has the obligation to trace himself/herself from the civilian population) or 2) a member of another(prenominal) armed group (militias, organized resistance movements,) belonging to a Party to the conflict, provided that such group fulfills the following conditions a. that of being commanded by a person responsible for his subordinates b. that of having a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a distance c. that of carrying arms openlyd. that of conducting their operations in accordance with the laws and customs of war. As Al Qaeda and Taliban does not have character of distinct uniform but have a strong command as known by whole world similarly they have training centers as American alleges that they have safe havens in Pakistan for training but does it mean that if Al Qaeda and Taliban does not folow any law the Allies and American forces should not follow any rule while acting against them?Though Al Qaedas suicide attackers also attacks on civilian without any distinct uniform as part of Al Qaeda so the forces could not identify them but it does not mean that the forces can kill any time to any one just in doubt of suicide ? Similarly if the answer to these questions is not in affirmative than whether the right to self defense extends to the territory of other state who have not a party in conflict? as American Attacks are of on such grounds as expressed by Harold H. Koh, legal adviser to the United States State Department, delivered the keynote address to the American Society of International fair play on On March 25,2012.Prof Koh argued that drone attacks meet the legal principles set out in the law of war because they fall under the larger doctrine of self-defense and stated In an ongoing armed conflict the United States has the right to use Force including lethal force to defend itself including by targeting Persons such as high-level Al Qaeda leaders who are planning attacks. Harold H. Kohs stance and its Legal ImplicationsKoh held that the attacks are legal because they meet the principles of both distinction in that they are designed to target specific individuals in response to intelligence and proportionality that is, they do not cause excessive loss of life in relation to the military or strategic goals thatare seek to be achieved by them. In response to the critique that targeted killings are never legal Koh argued that no legal process is required to inform those planning attacks against the United States.But if we consider Mr. Kohs stance valid than it gives raise to many questions. For example, if the targeting of individuals was considered prima facie valid simply under the basis of self-defense then the war in Gaza (documented in the Goldstone Report) and hostilities against civilians in Sri Lanka, congo etc would not need to be discussed by the relevant UN bodies? Simply put, if all extra-judicial targeted killings were so easily reassert based on the pr- emises of self-defense then any nation could be allowed under the flimsiest of pretexts to encroach on anothers territory to kill individuals they believed were involved in hos tile acts against it.As this doubtful nature of these attacks is clear from this part of my assignment . Answer to these questions are necessary before commenting on illegality of Drone Attacks because it will give us clear view that under which law these should be dealt IHL or IHRL?Drones ,A matter of IHLThough some people think Drone just as a subject of IHRL but its not so simle to say this .Many interpretation of International Law by ICJ, ICTY, ICC ,most Importantly U.S Supreme Court as well as Israelian Courts comments and Judgement clearly put this War in the ambit of IHL.Transnational Armed Conflict and DronesBut along this another term is of Transnational Armed Conflict which is more relevant to the nature of these attacks because The problem with these definitions of international and non-international armed conflict is that collectively they did not describe all the types of armed conflicts that might exist. It was possible for an armed conflict to satisfy neither of these definitions. The United States conflict with al-Qaeda could not be an international armed conflict because al-Qaeda was not a High Contracting Party to the Geneva Conventions. Yet it was also clearly not a non-international armed conflict as defined above because it was not internal to the United States. The existence of this purported gap in IHLs coverage was felt most immediately by detainees in the conflict between al-Qaeda and the United States.Similarly An illustration of why this distinction between internal civil wars and transnational armed conflicts must be maintained. In a recent lawsuit brought by the ACLU against the Obama Administration. The ACLU attempted to enjoin drone strikes directed against Anwar al-Aulaqi, a prominent member of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula. Although the ACLU conceded that strikes targeting al-Aulaqi would be governed by IHL if they were conducted in Af- ghanistan, they maintained that such strikes would be occurring outside the context of a rmed conflict if they were directed against al-Aulaqi in Yemen.Using the reasoning that underlies the strict geographical limitations on the scope of IHL described above, the ACLU argued that the absence of an armed conflict in Yemen foreclosed the application of IHL to anyone in Yemeni territory. Instead, the use of lethal force was governed by IHRL and might only be employed when al-Aulaqi presented a concrete, specific, and imminent threat of death or serious physical injury to others. Because the ACLU conceded that al-Aulaqi was targetable under IHL in Afghanistan, the legal basis for their claim was based upon where al-Aulaqi was rather than upon who he was. Similarly Israels Supreme Court put situation under IHL, where a state is fighting against a non state actor, the Israeli Supreme Court was tasked with assessing the lawfulness of Israels policy of targeted killings in the West Bank and Gaza.Between the outbreak of the Second intifada in 2000 and 2005, Israels targeted kill ing policy resulted in the death of nearly 300 suspected terrorists, over 100 civilian deaths and hundreds of injuries. The most famous example of this policy was the 2004 attack on Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, founding member of Hamas, when an Israeli helicopter gunship killed him in Gaza. In discussing whether an armed conflict paradigm applied to Israels targeted killing policy, the court boldly stated that there is no doubt today that an armed conflict may take place between a state and groups or organizations that are not states, inter alia because of the military abilities and weapons in the possession of such organizations and their willingness to use them.The court was also clearly influenced by the State Attorney Offices argument that Israel had suffered proportionately a much greater loss in terms of terrorism victims during the period under brushup than the United States had on September 11, and that these attacks were in the nature of an unceasing, continuous and murderous barr age of attacks, which are directed against Israelis wherever they are, without any distinction between soldiers and civilians or between men, women and children. Thus, Targeted Killings main contribution to the discussion lies in its focus on the willing use of violence on a significant scale by an organized group.The Tadic Case Application of IHL on non state actors in Transnational Conflict In Tadics Case The ICTY acknowledged this overlap understanding of armed conflict in its 1999 Tadics judgment when it stated It is indisputable that an armed conflict is international if it takes place between two or more States. In addition, in case of an internal armed conflict breaking out on the territory of a State, it may become international (or, depending upon the circumstances, be international in character alongside an internal armed conflict) if (i) another State intervenes in that conflict through its troops, or alter- natively if (ii) some of the participants in the internal armed conflict act on behalf of that other State. This concept was further developed it in Boskoski, where it determined that fighting between Macedonian security forces and the Albanian bailiwick Liberation Army constituted an armed conflict. The test consists of two prongs(1) the intensity of the conflict, and(2) the organization of the parties thereto.In addition, the Boskoski court laid out factors relevant to the satisfaction of each prong in a lengthy opinion that sheds light on the highly fact-specific nature of the inquiry, particularly where one of the parties is a non-state actor. Under the Boskoski analysis, fighting between al Qaeda and the United States constitutes an armed conflict, permi-tting the United States to conduct targeted killings of al Qaeda fighters. Similarly U.S Supreme Court in some judgements relating to Afghan war also declared this as an Armed conflict The Federal court on enforcement says that the US government considers itself in war with Afghanistan. Th e efforts from the executive branch have eternally been to portray the situation in Afghanistan asan armed conflict. This statement has also been supported by the congress. The standpoint over the detention of the terrorists has been endorsed by US courts also its judgements linked with issues arising from Afghan.Consent of Pakistani Govt And Its Effect On Legal Status of Drones Another argument is most commonly accustomed that all the attacks are with the bear of Pakistani Govt but if its so than what is proof ,is there any treaty in this regard? If its only verbal than its existence is doubtful at all .Another main thing which contradict existence of any understanding on these attacks is the statements of Pakistani Officials including P.M , Foreign minister and many others condemning these attacks publically as well as officially so no Question of Consent remains valid. Specifically It is also worth mentioning in this context that Pakistani Minister of State for Foreign Affair s Hina Rabbani Khars condemnation of American drone attacks in northwest Pakistan on March 17, 2011 was phrased in the language of armed conflict such strikes constitute a matter of serious concern and raise issues regarding respect for human rights and humanitarian law. Irresponsible and unlawful conduct cannot be justified on any grounds.Admittedly, the Minister of States statement was not particularly clear in recognizing that the United States was engaged in an armed conflict with the Taliban and its Al Qaeda allies on the Pakistani side of the Durand Line, but it is a legally significant admission that contributes to the case for the existence of an armed conflict in northwest Pakistan , Proceeding from the position that the situation of violence that the United States is engaged in War with the Taliban and its Al Qaeda allies in northwest Pakistan amounts to an armed conflict, international humanitarian law would be the appropriate legal frame of reference for assessing the la wfulness of individual drone attacks in northwest Pakistan.Is Pakistans Inability to Trace and Attack Militants Justifies Drone Attacks? Now the next argument is for the justification of these drones is that Pakistan do not have ability to tackle these terrorist so thats why American are intervening for striking them .Is it not a violation of the rights of a sovereign state to have respect of his territorial reserve area by non-interference by others without due process of law .This view is clearly upheld by ICJ in case of In Democratic Republic of congo case, the retaliation from the side of Uganda due to the previous intrusion of Congo raised the issue to armed conflict. It was held that Congos inability to take any action against the militant does not give any right to Uganda to commit an act of incursion and attack the group themselves.Victims of Drones under IHLThough the purpose of drone is to retort terrorist but statistics shows that among them there are many civilians, A s tudy at Stanford and New York University titled Living Under Drones claimed that only two percent of drone strike casualties in Pakistan are top militants, and that the large number of related civilian deaths turn Pakistanis against the US. The study revealed that number of casualties among Pakistani civilians was far higher than the US acknowledged.The NAF report covers the period between 2004 and February 24, 2010, its date of publication. Particularly striking is that the number of drone attacks that took place during the first fifty-five days of 2010 were, at eighteen, exactly twice the number of drone attacks that took place during the entire four years from 2004 to 2007. Overall, during the almost six years and two months covered by the study, the United States carried out 114 drone attacks, resulting in between 830 and 1,210 total deaths, with between 550 and 850 of the dead being militants. This means that slightly more than 30% of deaths from drone attacks in the study wer e civilian deaths, with the part dropping to slightly less than 25% if one focuses only on 2009, the most active year covered by the study.Basic Principles of IHL and Their Observance In Drone AttacksAs its clear that Drones are subject to follow the IHL. But if we examine their style of attacking and their targets and effectees as mentioned in previous heading we can say that Drones are even violating the fundamental principles of IHLPrincipal of proportionality and DistinctionGiven that the United States has conducted almost 300 drone attacks in northwest Pakistan in recent years and that international humanitarian law would require an exacting and individualized assessment for each of these attacks, space constraints preclude broad and sweeping generalizations nearly the compliance of each of these attacks under this branch of law. International humanitarian law is extraordinarily fact intensive, and the meaning attached to many of its key principles, in particular the principl e of proportionality, is often contested and prone to political manipulation.First, although international humanitarian law recognizes that it is unable to eliminate the scourge of war .and instead endeavours to master it and mitigate its effects, the principle of proportionality does not forbid collateral damage when such damage is outweighed by a particular Attacks concrete and direct military advantage anticipated. Of course, international humanitarian law does prohibit disproportionate attacks.The principle of distinction and the underlying principle of proportionality are the most fundamental principles of humanitarian law. The principle of distinction embodies the concept that the effects of war must be limited to combatants and military objectives as much as is feasible. Civilians and civilian objects should be spared and may not be targeted. However, it is clear that collateral damage as such is not necessarily unlawful under international humanitarian law and that proportio nality is a calculus of intangibles that balances military and civilian concerns. Proportionality must be assessed within the context of particular facts and circumstances, and conclusions of law cannot be drawn in abstracto. With this understanding of the international humanitarian law principle of proportionality, one can begin to assess the legal implications of the drone attack that killed Baitullah Mehsud.When Hellfire missiles from an American Predator drone killed Mehsud in South Waziristan, it was reported that he perished along with his wife, his mother- and father-in law, seven bodyguards and a TTP lieutenant. Though in present circumstances, and involvement of international politics its difficult to solve the problems peacefully specially terrorism .But it does not mean this necessity gives free hand to fight war without any rules As there is customary law of war in shape of conventions, and necessity of war is also there subject to rule of Distinction which provides that during war distinction must be kept in mind between military targets and civilian objects .So attacks on Masajid,Madaris Houses as well as on wedding ceremonies are illegal under the rule of Distinction.IHL does not declares war as illegal but accepts the military necessity and regulate the use of force by providing that only military object should be targets even though some civilians also get effect from it. But should be minute, this lose in language of IHL is known as collateral damagebut the rule of customary law applies on all states regardless of their ratification by that state. In short if we examine the causalities of Drone Attacks a huge number of Civil Victims are there. Similarly many attacks have destroyed houses Masajid and Madaris which is against the rules of IHL dealing with lawful targets.As the General Rule is that the benefit of doubt will go to the accused ,the same principle is adopted in IHL prohibiting attacks on such targets about which you are having a do ubt that it have some civilian nature.Though its difficult to draw line distinction .r Proportionality but maximum care must be taken.But in Drones it was also not observed. Even against enemies only such amount of force or wapon can be used which only compels him to accept defeat ,and the purpose of war is to overtake opponent and not its extermination.ConclusionDrone Attacks along Pak-Afghan Border inside the territory of Pakistan are important in a way that they developed some new concepts in International Law ,especially in IHL. If we see from the perspective of Americans and their Allys view it seems that The drone campaign raises fundamental questions of the acceptability of violence as a form of conflict resolution. Further the confusing nature of Afghan Issue also foregos the way to argue from one legal angle to discuss validity of drones. A question can be raised that Drones are being used in Pakistan than why a detailed discussion on Afghan War given? But in reality World has become a global village so no one can be assessed in closing off specially Pak-Afghan area ,having strong ties in all dimensions of Life International Relations.As here Drones were discussed under IHL but if there is some doubt about the application of IHL than necessarily IHRL will apply and assessment under UDHR also invalidates the application of Drones violating fundamental rights like business to Fair Trail, Representation by Counsel, Right to Life and Freedom Of Movement, etc .But its a separate detailed discussion. Even with full opposition by International Community having knowledge of IHL continuous and non stop use of Drones is showing Practical Example of Might Is Right.BIBLIOGRAPHY* Ahmad, Muhammad Mushtaq. Jihad,Mazahmat Aur BaghawatIslami Shariat Aur Bain al Aqwami Qanun Ki Roshni Men,GujranwalaAl-Shariah Accademy,2008 * Gabor,Rona.Interesting Times for International Humanitarian Law Challenges from the War on Terror, The Fletcher Forum Of World Affairs,27(2007) * Barindge,Robert.A Qualified Defense Of Drone Attacks In Northwest Pakistan Under International Humanitarian LawBoston University International Law Review.30(2012) * Evans,Malcolm D.International Law.OxfordOxford University Press,2003. * Starke,J.G. Introduction to International Law.KentButterworth Law Publishers Limited,1994. * Mapping US Drone and Islamic Militant Attacks in Pakistan, BBC NEWS (July 22, 2010) * Lewis,Michel. .Drones and the Boundaries of the Battlefield Texas International Law Journal.47(2012) * Basak, Chiradeep.Legality Over Drone Attacks From The Facet Of IHL(2012) available at ssrn.com/abstract2139001. * North Atlantic Treaty* Zakaria,Rafia. Are drone attacks legal?DAWN NEWS. * Solomon,Erika & Mohammed Ghobari, CIA Drone Kills U.S.-born Al Qaeda Cleric in Yemen, REUTERS(sep 2011) * Michael W. Lewis and Ben Wizner, Predator Drones and Targeted. Killings, FEDERALIST SOCIETY (Jan. 27, 2011) * Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1-A, Appeals Chamber, 84 (Intl Crim . Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia July 15, 1999) * Prosecutor v. Boskoski, Case No. IT-04-82-T, Judgment, at 78 93 (Intl Crim.Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia July 10,2008. * Hamdan v. Rumsfeld 584 U.S.557 (2006)* Boumedine v. Bush 553 U.S.723 (2008)* Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Joins in the Condemnation DAWN(18,March,2011) * Democratic Republic of Congo v. Uganda 2005 ICJ* The Year of the Drone An Analysis of U.S. Drone Strikes in Pakistan 2004-2012. NEW AMERICAN FOUNDATION. * Mapping US Drone and Islamic Militant Attacks in Pakistan, BBC NEWS (July 22, 2010) * ICRC, communications protocol ADDITIONAL TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF 12 AUGUST 1949, AND RELATING TO THE PROTECTION OFVICTIMS OF INTERNATIONAL ARMED CONFLICTS (PROTOCOL I), 8 JUNE 1977 * Hague Conventions and Protocols* St Petersberg DeclarationWEBLIOGRAPHY * http//www.bbc.co.uk* http//counterterrorism.newamerica.net* http//counterterrorism.newamerica.net/* http//www.thebureauinvestigates.com* http//rt.com/news/pak istan-drones-study-civilians-933/ * http//www.dawn.com* http//www.fed-soc.org* http//www.reuters.com* http//archives.dawn.com

Welfare Reform

All Forms of Government social wellbeing Should be Abolished By Michelle M. Flores 12/11/08 Strayer University PHI 210 Professor James Poteet All Forms of Government benefit Should be Abolished offbeat is defined as regimeal provision of economic assistance to individuals in need. (wordnet. princeton. edu). There are many political programs that are currently implemented to aid and assist families in need. Under new laws, Maryland has re-named its assistance programs to Family Investment Programs.Some of these programs hold TCA- flitting Cash Assistance, Food Stamps, WIC Women Infants and Children Program, Child Care Assistance, Medical Assistance, Section 8- housing assistance, Energy Assistance and many other programs. To qualify for such programs, a family must have a minor child or a pregnant woman, and the parent must have applied for child support from the absentminded parent. It is said that the family applying must show a need for assistance. (peoples-law. org). Cu rrently, the United States is in a financial recession. This recession has made many Americans rely and depend on such assistance from the Government.With all of these and many more programs implemented, when is enough, enough? How much assistance should be offered to a single family or soul? What programs are actually necessary and/or beneficial? I leave provide a brief synopsis of a few programs below. Temporary Cash Assistance Temporary Cash Assistance is a government allowance in the form of cash. Qualifications for this program are as follows Household sizeGross Income 1 person or a pregnant woman$216. 00 a calendar calendar month or less 2 persons$380. 00 a month or less 3 persons$482. 0 a month or less 4 persons$583. 00 a month or less 5 persons$675. 00 a month or less (peoples-law. org). The current stripped charter in Maryland is $7. 25. (epi. org). This means that a single person or pregnant woman cannot subject area anymore than thirty two hours a month or eight ho urs a week to qualify for this get. The add up person deceases at least thirty to forty hours per week, which is about four quantify the qualifying allowance. What kind of job will allow a person to work only eight hours a week?How is this fair to those who work more than that and are still struggling to get by living paycheck to paycheck? Its not Are these families using this cash assistance to attend pay bills or to live lavishly? What type of control is used here? There is no control, so absolutely none. Now, I am not saying that families who receive cash assistance should not be able to buy luxury or feel good items, but these items should not be a priority before bills are paid. If you cannot afford to keep your lights on, you should not be in the bar buying alcohol or in the beauty parlor getting your hair and nails done. This is absurdI love to see my tax dollars going to hair nails on a woman that is not working, but tho I work full time and cannot afford to have my h air and nails done as often as those women do. apprehension SNAP otherwise cognize as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program is the new name for the Food Stamp Program. SNAP is a government allowance that provides needy families with the benefit to buy food. This program provides a family with a card similar to a debit or credit card that holds the benefits allotted to said family. If a person or family qualifies for cash assistance, they will automatically qualify for SNAP.The income guidelines are as follows Household SizeGross IncomeNet Income 1 person$1,127. 00$867. 00 2 persons$1,517. 00$1,167. 00 3 persons$1,907. 00$1,467. 00 4 persons$2,297. 00$1,767. 00 5 persons$2,687. 00$2,067. 00 (peoples-law. org). With minimum mesh at $7. 25 per hour, a person can work an average of one speed of light and seventy two hours a month for an average of about thirty two hours a week.What are the problems with this program? How do we make certain that the needy families and childre n of those needy families are actually receiving the allotted benefits? The government cannot control this either. Many times these benefits are sold to those who are not needy for half or less than what they are really worth. Meaning, a person not being supplied with this benefit can buy the card from a needy person and go into a market and buy a hundred dollars worth of groceries for only fifty dollars. The non-needy person has then saved a lot, but the child of a needy family is at home with less lendable food.This sickens me that a parent can literally take out of their childs mouth just to get cash to do God knows what with. WIC WIC is the Women, Infants and Children Program. This program covers pregnant women, new mothers and children under five who have a nutritional need. The income guidelines here are Family SizeIncome per monthIncome per year 1 person$1,604. 00$19,240. 00 2 persons$2,159. 00$25,900. 00 3 persons$2,714. 00$32,560. 00 4 persons$3,269. 00$39,220. 00 5 person s$3,824. 00$45,880. 0 This program supplies mothers with infants or girlish children with milk, cheese, beans, oatmeal, cereal and several other nutritious items. This program is very beneficial to the family, as it maintains the health of babies, young children and mothers. I feel as though this is a wonderful program. With every up there is a down. Welfare fraudulenceulence is big in America. Welfare fraud is described as the intentional misuse of various state funded Welfare programs. (spamlaw. com). Fraud comes in many forms and may consist of withholding income, dwelling house size information or providing false information to rule benefits.Here we have people obtaining benefits and are not deserving of them. One for instance is the purchasing of the SNAP card. Welfare fraud is very expensive. It costs the system millions in misused benefits every year. (spamlaw. com) Welfare fraud has been widely criticized by advocates of the system because this abuse makes money les s available to those who actually need the benefit. It has also been criticized by opponents of the system who believe the crime creates situations where hard working taxpayers are supporting the middle break and a lavish lifestyle for criminals.These critics have coined the terms public assistance Cadillac or public assistance Queen to instances or individuals associated with welfare fraud (spamlaw. com). All actions of welfare fraud should be avoided if you are approached to be involved in such acts. These crimes are punishable by the full extent of the law. If a person is convicted of welfare fraud and put in prison, are our tax dollars not going to further take care of them? In prison inmates are fed, clothed and nursed to health. not to mention they have to be guarded by correctional officers or policing staff.Wow, what a vicious cycle. We take the benefits from them in the free world, but then again support them in the locked up world. I am so glad that my hard earned tax dollars are supporting such trash. The new changes in the Welfare program were created to help families achieve independence. What is the government doing to help achieve such independence? What programs are implemented to get these needy families back into the work force, not to depend on the government? The Welfare reform in the early 1990s led to a huge reduction in Welfare dependency. Under the old AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependant Children) program, states were given more federal funds if their welfare caseloads were increased, and funds were cut whenever the state caseload fell. This structure created a strong inducement for states to swell the welfare rolls. Prior to the reform, one child in seven was receiving AFDC benefits. (Conn Carroll). At this time, President Clinton created programs that allowed families to learn new skills and help them transition back into the work force. This reduced Welfare dependence and required welfare recipients to prepare for employment.T his is what really needs to be done. However, with the new financial crisis that the United States is currently seeing, it is harder for those with minor skills to obtain work. President Obama has enacted stimulus bill that abolishes welfare reform and adds new welfare spending. It is clear that in both the House and the Senate stimulus bills the original goal of parcel families move to employment and self-sufficiency and off long term dependence on government assistance has instead been replaced with the perverse incentive of adding more families to the welfare rolls.The House bill provides four billion per year to reward states to increase their Temporary Cash Assistance case loads the Senate bill follows the same form _or_ system of government but allocates less money. (Rector & Bradley). This is crazy. The funds should be allocated by the amount of unemployment per state, not a gross figure overall. There are some states that are soften off financially than others. The fun ds should be divided accordingly. In the first year after enactment of the stimulus bill, federal welfare spending will explode upward by more than twenty percent, rising from $491 billion in FY 2008 to $601 billion in 2009.This one year explosion in welfare spending would be, by far, the largest in U. S. history. (Rector & Bradley). Since the enactment of the welfare reform in the early 1990s, many Americans have become less dependent on the welfare system. Clinton gives great thanks for being re-elected partially due to his signing of the welfare reform bill. Great job and wonderful efforts President Clinton In my opinion Welfare is an incentive for people to sit at home and not work, to not be responsible for themselves or their families. Dont get me wrong, I do see a need for assistance programs, only when necessary.Do I think that all forms of government welfare should be abolished? No, I do not. Surprised by this answer? I knew you would be. I agree that these programs should be implemented for those who are in crisis and desperately need them. These programs should not be used and abused at Americans leisure. Considering the tough economic times we are in right now, I agree that many Americans need help. Especially those who have befogged their jobs and those who are aggressively seeking employment, but cannot find it. However, this help should only be temporary.New reform needs to be implemented. Education and services need to be offered to get people back into the work force and off of government dependency. With all of the current programs offered, me as a single mother has a huge incentive to quit my job, stay at home and collect all the government has to offer. Then, I may be able to buy lobster in the securities industry store rather than 80/20 ground beef. WORKS CITED Carroll, C. (2009). Stimulus Bill Abolishes Welfare Reform. Retrieved November 7, 2011 from http//blog. heritage. org/2009/02/11stimulus-bill-abolishes-welfare-reform/print/ Fox, L. 2007). What a new Federal minimum wage means for the United States. Retrieved November 7, 2011 from http//www. epi. org/publications/entry/ib234/ Rector, R. and Bradley, K. (2009, February). Stimulus Bill Abolishes Welfare Reform and Adds New Welfare Spending. Web Memo No. 2287 Published by the hereditary pattern Foundation http//www. peoples-law. org/income/gov-ben/family_investment_program. htm What is Welfare Fraud? Retrieved November 7, 2011 from http//www. spamlaws. com/welfare-fraud. html http//wordnetweb. princeton. edu/perl/webwn? s=welfare

Black Humor, Gallows Humor and Identity Crisis

Evensongs Mother Night, and then analyze the identity crises of certain characters of the story. As I have written, there are many similarities between grisly humor and g allows humor, and in order to make a distinction between them, first I would interchangeable to point out those features that are share and typical of both of them. To create such humor, the writer always confronts rationality with the chaos of the universe and the notion of death.Both black humor and gallows humor function as a counterbalance which mitigates the seriousness of death, or a situation which eventually ends with death. In both cases the constraint of laughter Is rooted In the sense of Inertia, and In the acknowledgement of the Insensitivity of the universe to human reasoning. They are both based on a sense of defeat, because of which they cannot be triumphant satires, still they are amusive for they reveal nonsense. Now that I have examined the common features of these two types of humor, I will p roceed with the most salient difference between the two.In the case of black humor, the object of laughter applies to the laughing subject as well, while it is quite different with gallows humor, as the deader cannot identify with a condemned character who is waiting for his own death. Obviously, the endorser hasnt experienced anything like that before, so the notion of impending death is unknown to them, thats why they cannot put themselves In the place of that character, they feel like an outside observer Instead. In Kurt Evensongs Mother Night there are many examples for both elements. The frame of the story takes place In an Israeli prison with the mall character, Howard W.Campbell Jar. theme his memoirs In It. At the very beginning of the story, the reader Is Informed by the narrator, who is Campbell himself that Campbell is waiting for his trial for war crimes sixteen years after the end of the mho realness War. His crimes which are as ancient as some stones in the priso n wall, later turn out to be justified as Campbell was notwithstanding serving the US as a spy, providing information for them during the war. Depicting him defenseless and miserable in his prison cell could provide a good macrocosm for gallows humor however, his death at the very end of the story has thing to do with it.It Is more like a serious and fatal result of his identity crisis, which I will touch upon later. But there are other parts of the story which actually contain black humor, for example the death of Sauerkraut who was a racist old man, former Vice-Fundraiser of the German-American Bund, The representation of his death Is quite factual and emotionless at the same time, and even his close friends and comrades react or else indifferently. After he drops dead they call for a more humorous. Epstein was Jewish, and I thought Jones or Kelley might say meeting to him about the way he was punching and poking Sauerkraut. But the two antique fascists were childishly respectf ul and dependent. The culmination of the comical events happens when the Black Fuehrer of Harlem arrives, who is the racist black chauffeur of Skyscrapers company. Everything all right up here? he said to Jones. Muff was up here so long. Not quite, said Jones. August Sauerkraut died. The Black Fuehrer of Harlem took the news in stride. All dying, all dying, he said. Whos goanna pick up the torch when everybodys dead?As I have said, Campbell story is a story about identity crisis Just like the whole novel, and the previously analyzed elements are there to soften the depressing effects of it. The term identity crisis was invented by Erik Erikson, a German psychologist who dealt with the development of the ego and that of the personality. According to him, identity crisis is the failure to achieve ego identity during adolescence however, we also use the term when we speak about the psychosocial state or condition of freak out and role infusion caused by conflicting internal and ex ternal experiences, pressures, and expectations.In Mother Night the external effects are obviously caused by the Second World War, and for me, the representation of Campbell guards and their conversations are the most expressive parts of the story, and the best examples of identity crisis. When the narrator characterizes them, and when they tell how they took part and what their roles were in the war, it turns out that they should also be groundwork bars with Campbell. These passel turned their backs on their fellow Monterrey, their fellow sufferers and what is more repellent, they betrayed their own creation.There is a man, who tells us nostalgically about how he volunteered to be a member of the so called Condemnations. There is another one, who despite the fact that he is Jewish even became an AS member, and when Campbell shows him the transcript of one of his broadcasts, he criticizes it for not being passionate and fervent enough. In the case of the second guard, he did wh at he did to avoid death, but the first guard cannot Justify his close. When Campbell asks him why he coupled the Condemnations, he simply cannot give an answer and tells the main(prenominal) character that there were other volunteers as well.The other guard, who Joined the AS says that he made his decision to avoid death, but at some points it seems that he even enjoyed his Job. What an Aryan I made says he. The Second World War and the survival instinct of these people compelled them to put on masks and do things which normally they would never do. And they did it for so long, that eventually they loud identify with their role, and this identification confused them and distorted their original identity.This is exactly what happens to the main character, Campbell as well. His ordeals start in Germany, where he is commissioned by an American soldier to spy for the U. S. As a Nazi playwright and from that point on, he is regarded as a Nazi by the whole world. Even though he is on ly acting, nobody knows who he really is and as a result, he becomes unsure about his own identity by the end of the story. There is a scene which takes place after the war ended, in which Campbell inverses with the agent, called Warrantee, who commissioned him. How else could I have survived? as you did. You think I was a Nazi? I said. Certainly you were, he said. How else could a responsible historian classify you? All in all, the moral of the story which is an admonition as well is worded by Bonnet at the beginning of the novel. It goes like this We are what we pretend to be, so we must be careful about what we pretend to be. For me, it means that we should always be true to ourselves and stick to those values which we consider the best.

Do I have the right to end my own life? Essay

Looking back, the above-quoted article was only a prophecy in 1979 and around five years later, the prediction became a truth in surgery. As of 2004, euthanasia was legal in Oregon. Currently in the United States the only state where physician-assisted dying, in the form of assisted-suicide, is legal is in Oregon (Zanskas, and Coduti, cited Quill 2004) and three more states followed after. Despite the fact the euthanasia is legal in a few United States (US) states and in some European countries, it is non a settled issue. Euthanasia is legal in the Netherlands (Welie), and Belgium while suicide is legal in Switzerland.(Miracle Survival of the 9) In fact, In 2003, 1,626 cases of euthanasia were reported in Holland. Usually, a sedative is given to induce a coma, followed by a muscle relaxant to stop the breathing. (Miracle) Debates and many deliberations, programs and critics in favor of and against euthanasia and/or assisted suicide, are ongoing public spectacle. What does each s ide say? Who sounds more reasonable? Which side sounds more practical? Euthanasia, if applied adeptfully and for the right reasons and timing can be advantageous but once abused or a mistake is committed, it becomes futile outright.Thus, it may be perceived from a lot of angles and perspectives and has various implications vis-a-vis each scenario. There would be thousands of points to present what the proponents of euthanasia want to emphasize to support their cause and the same is true for the opponent side, those who are against the practice. Even the perspective in looking at these points are so many, such as ethical, psychological, medical, legal, religious, medical ethics and the likes. This paper is dwelling on a single strong reason for each side. I have terminal cancer. To have a terminal disease drag on, to endure the painful sensation is absolute hell.At the end, I want the choice to accept treatment, to refuse treatment, to die on my own terms in a dignified manner. ( Hillyard, and Dombrink 1) Above, in the preceding paragraph, was the pro-reform television advertisement from the 1991 Washington Initiative 119 campaign. The statement obviously denotes freedom of the person involved. Those who plead for the legalization of euthanasia think that it is cruel to result a human being to linger for months in the last stage of aging, weakness and decay, and to refuse him his demand for merciful release. (Hillyard, and Dombrink 20 cited Williams 1969134) Indeed, if one has to live and soon enough only live to suffer, make his or her loved ones suffer, what is the point of living at all? On the other hand, euthanasia is very susciptible to abuse. Some patients may opt for euthanasia or assisted suicide only to save their family from financial distress. In Oregon, 83% of doctors stated that financial pressures were a factor in a patients request to die. (Zanskas, and Coduti cited Bilchik, 1996) Some fear that a right to die may soon become a duty to die, in order to eliminate families from financial ruin.Thus, opting to terminate ones own life in this manner is nothing else but a plain suicide. From a religious perspective, Pope John Paul II sought to emphasize that life is sacred and to counteract these vicious trends in the encyclical The Gospel of Life, and carried this kernel throughout the world on his many journeys. (Hamel and Walter 243) Which side has a stronger reason? In fact both sides have their own good reason but since no one can make everything perfect, it is more likely that euthanasia will be abused. In this regard, it is safe not to practice it.However, given that on that point is a strict set of rules in controlling the process, euthanasia would be a great help for suffering patients. Works Cited Baird, Robert M. , and Stuart E. Rosenbaum, eds. The Moral Issues The Moral Issues. Buffalo, NY Prometheus Books, 1989. Hamel, Ronald P. , and jam J. Walter, eds. Artificial Nutrition and Hydration and the Permanentl y Unconscious Patient The Catholic Debate. Washington, DC Georgetown University Press, 2007. Hillyard, Daniel, and John Dombrink. Dying Right The Death with Dignity Movement.London Routledge, 2001. Miracle Survival of the fair sex Doctors Were Going to Let Die SENIOR CONSULTANT ADVISED 84-YEAR-OLDS DRIP SHOULD BE REMOVED. The Evening Standard (London, England) 14 Oct. 2005 9. Welie, Jos V. M. Why Physicians? Reflections on the Netherlands fresh Euthanasia Law. The Hastings Center Report 32. 1 (2002) 42+. Zanskas, Steve, and Wendy Coduti. Eugenics, Euthanasia, and Physician Assisted Suicide An Overview for Rehabilitation Professionals. The Journal of Rehabilitation 72. 1 (2006) 27+.

Humor of Flannery Oconnor

Aaron Kalman Professor Suppes Art of Literature 15 September 2012 Humor in Good republic plurality Flannery OConnor has alship canal liked to use various types of humor and badinage in her stories centered around the dark, tragic, and uncomfortable ways of life. She uses these literary techniques to mask what she is truly trying to say. Good Country People by Flannery OConnor is a prime recitation of humor and irony which makes fun of the simple, intellectual, as well as the incongruous population in the world. The most blatant and simple type of humor is found while observing the flat characters of Mrs. freewoman and Mrs.Hopewell. These two women begin the story by participating in routine gossip with one an opposite. Their constant bickering and desire to feel superior to the other is humorous because of how uneducated they sound. OConnor puts them in the category of good country people due to the fact that they are pure, simple, and honest. This is ironic because good country people are referred and compared to as trash multiple times in the story. Another example of irony includes when Mrs. Hopewell said that the Freemans were a godsend, but the reason she had hired them was that on that point were no other applicants.Despite Mrs. Freeman being extremely nosy, Mrs. Hopewell ironically refers to her as a lady and that she was never ashamed to take her anywhere or salt away her to anybody they might meet (OConnor 379). OConnor uses these two women to lighten up the mood of the story before introducing Mrs. Hopewells atheist and pessimistic daughter Joy. The humor that the write uses when describing Joy is more complex and tragic than any other character in the story. As a well-educated 32 year-old, Joy is not a pleasure to be around. Joy constantly suffers through tantrums and still dresses like a six year-old.While reading OConnors description, it is hard not to gag at the way she acts towards her mother as well as visitors. Joy slams doors, stomps noisily around on her wooden level, and is in constant outrage (OConnor 378). An example of her disruptive behavior is when she associates Mrs. Freemans daughters, Glynese and Caramae, with Glycerin and Caramel. Joy changes her name to Hulga, which is ironically more suited to her personality. Her mother believes she does it to spite her, but Hulga really does it with the melodic theme that her mother has to accept her by using the new name.This light humor becomes darker when Hulga gets ready to go on a date stamp with the sadistic tidings salesman, Manley Pointer. The bible salesman known as Manley Pointer contains a comical sense which makes taking him seriously extremely hard. First of all, the name he chooses to use is extraordinary in its own right. Manley Pointer has a cartoon character approach to him as he enters Mrs. Hopewells house. An example of this type of characterization is shown when OConnor states that the man spend forward into her hallas if the suitcase had moved first, jerking him after it (OConnor 382).Manley Pointer has a youthful and awkward approach to his customers mixed in with a hint of cleverness. Mrs. Hopewell states that she never liked to be taken for a fool (OConnor 383). Her statement is ironic because of the slyness used by Manley to trick Mrs. Hopewell into inviting him over for dinner. As Manley fools Mrs. Hopewell, he begins his devilish act with Hulga. The climax of the humor in Good Country People occurs when Manley Pointer and Hulga go on a date.Manley and Hulgas date begins with some comical light humor as Hulga tries to dress up in slacks, a dirty white shirt, and some vapex she finds in the medicine locker in order to seduce the bible salesman. This is humorous because its shows her ineptitude to do a basic task despite her having a PhD. Hulga thinks she is making Manley fall in love with her as he kisses her head to toe however, ironically Manley is secretly seducing her. Her downfall occurs when she gullibly gives up her soul by entrusting Manley with her wooden leg. He then takes her leg and runs off into the distance with it, leaving Hulga stranded up in the hayloft.Satirically, the only person Hulga has ever given herself up to steals her life and breaks her heart. Throughout Good Country People, dark, uncomfortable, tragic as well as lighter and simple humor are all used by OConnor. This and some situational and literal irony allowed all types of characters to be made fun of by the author. The ingenious humor and necessary irony by Flannery OConnor in Good Country People are what make her story brilliant. Works Cited OConnor, Flannery. Good Country People. Meyer, Michael, ed. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. 8th ed. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2009. Print.

The Powerful Nations of Imperialists

Imperialism is the practice by which powerful nations or peoples seek to extend and maintain control or influence over weaker nations or peoples. By the 1800s, the Western powers had advantages in this process. They led the world in technological advances, giving them a dominance when conquering former(a) countries. The European Imperialists make attempts to conquer China and lacquer. In this process, they succeeded by influencing Japan greatly. However, they were not as successful with China.At the end of the eighteenth century, Chinas goods were much in demand(p) by Britain. However, the Chinese saw Europeans as savages and did not want to trade with them. During trade, there was an imbalance in Chinas favor, because the Europeans were forced to buy Chinese goods using silver. The Western Imperialists began to grow opium poppies from in India, and then smuggle them into China. China soon became addicted to the drug and spent most of its money on the purchase of it from the Europ eans and Americans. This shifted the balance of power to be in Europes favor.In the early 1800s, Japan had blocked off all trade from other countries. Foreign whaling ships could not even reload or repair their ships in Japan territory. This offended many other countries. In 1852, Matthew Perry was sent to Japan to carry on open trade. Japan felt threatened by the United States, and gave in to their demands. Japan was frightened by their stipulations, and immediately began to reform. They developed a new pedagogy system that was similar to America and Europes. They also developed a Western style judiciary system.Japan and China reacted differently to the reforms of Imperialism. When put under(a) pressure, Japan succumbed to the power of Western Imperialist ideas. Conversely, China, resisted for a long time. As a result, Japan had more technology, while China was unenlightened of the new advances. Japan also gained more respect from other countries, that China did not have. In the long run, Japan gained more by yielding to theHistorically, states have been motivated to come after imperialism for a variety of reasons, which may be classified broadly as economic, political, and ideological. The imperialism of China and Japan in the nineteenth century helped shape the way the countries are today. Japans culture, education, government, and other issues are based on the influences of America and Europe from years ago.

Broken Home?

The effects of broken folks on children are traumatic. Broken homes passel cause children to question their self-worth, to experience unnecessary grief, guilt and/or confusion. Young children especially, nominate difficulty understanding the rationalities of their parents decisions to divorce. All they know is that their parents used to live in concert and now they dont, used to love each other and now they dont. Children often take responsibility for parents decisions to divorce.They conclude that they were the cause of the quarrels and ensuing divorce. They question whether or not their parents love them or are mad at them. It is so important for children to have a stable home life. In a broken home it is difficult for children to find a sense of security because experience shows them that what seemed stable and good fell to pieces and left them feeling empty, yet full of questions.Growing up in a broken home may also cause children to have difficulty in future relationships and cause them to struggle with the issue of trust. People who grew up in broken homes and get married are also more likely to end up divorced because their parents didnt provide a healthy stupefy of marriage. They saw parents end disputes with divorce rather than working through them together. They may run from commitment or avoid relationships all together.They may also fix a emotion of fear toward marriage because they do not want to relive the grief they experienced as a child, nor do they want to have children and risk putting them through the same hurtful circumstances. broken home a house containing a family that is set apart due to tensions and certain problems. ex a kids parents constantly fight and he/she feels lonely, depressed, angry. that is a product of a broken home, who may usually get away from the problems by doing bad things (drugs,drink,etc ).

Hudson Bay Company

The Bay You are the Buyer Assignment Erica Hobb Sarah Walkington As a Buyer for the Bay, I would ensure that these refreshing brands that I was bringing in to my department would be productive by researching every brand and making sure there on the same effort line that we are trying to follow. Knowing your target market is also a key portion when introducing new brands.The selection factors that I would look at when choosing what brands to bring into my store would be dependent on the season, fit, colour or pattern, durability of garment or product, price, versatility/multi-use, designer label/prestige factor and all step of construction. When deciding what brands to get rid of and which ones to keep, this would be solved by knowing which products are successful and which ones are not. in addition which brands are going to match the new reconstruction of our company the Bay and which brands fits in with the new theme and which ones are outdated.In my opinion, the different f actors of the two retailers are The Bay is very Canadian based, not erect because it started in Canada but because even their window displays are reflective to a Canadian theme, where as Holt Renfrew is cognize for being a high end retailer selling brands and products that are available and sold in other retail stores. The Bay has added over 250 new brands and 90% of which are exclusive to the Bay in Canada. Another factor that is different between the two retailers is their pricing.Holt Renfrew is designed for people with lavish lifestyles and an eye for expensive designer clothing where as The Bay ranges from all price points. The Bay has style and affordable merchandise. Also the customer helping you find at both retailers are very different. When going into Holt Renfrew, your getting the whole shopping experience. Employees almost tend to smother you making sure everything you need is at there service where the Bay is more low key.

A fear of democracy runs throughout liberalism Essay

The relationship between Liberalism and country can summed up by Winston Churchills famous remark, democracy is the worst form of Government except all those separate forms A alarm of democracy does runs throughout 19th centrury full-growns due to many reasons, one of them being their fear of collective world-beater. On the other hand by the 20th century nation became more judge in liberalism and the fear of democracy no longer remained.Plato and Aristotle viewed democracy as a chaotic regulate of masses at the expense of wisdom and property. Nineteenth century liberals agreed with this idea as they saw democracy as dangerous and fe bed it. They were concerned that democracy could threaten individual liberty. Democracy is unavoidably collectivist, in that it places political authority in the hands of the people who are not a individual(a) entity but are turned into a collection of individuals or groups.This contradicts the liberal rule of individuality and atomistical soc iety. then this might lead in the interests of individual citizens being ignored. In society people induct different opinions and opposing interests often mattering to political instability and conflict. The democratic solution to this conflict is the application of the legal age rule the principle that the will of the absolute bulk should prevail over that of the minority. Mill feared the unintended consequences of the rule of masses.Therefore nineteenth century liberals feared the negative repercussions of democracy such as the tyranny of the majority as the principle of the majority rule can result into the suppression of individual allowdom and minority rights. Majoritarianism can not only ignore the interests of the minority but it can also create a culture of benumb conformism, where people according to Mill become transformed into mere industrious sheep as they defer to the judgments of the majority based on the unfounded assumption that the majority is al behaviors ri ght. Therefore Mill is trying to govern that democracy supresses originality and individuality.However nineteenth century liberals have expressed reservations about democracy not and because of the danger of majority rule but also because of the composition of the majority in modern industrial societies. The liberal theory of utilitarianism and equality led to an abundance for thefew but subsistence for the many and while in theory it is happiness that is maximised, in practice it is wealth.Therefore if society is deeply divided, majoritarianism would expose the rich to a tyranny of the poor. J.S Mill believed that political wisdom is unequally distributed and largely related to education. The uneducated poor are more likely to act according to narrow class interests so for them to have the majority would be disastrous. Mill argued that the educated can use their wisdom and experience for the good of others. Therefore he believed elect politicians should speak for themselves rath er than reflect the views of their electors and suggested a system of plural voting that would deprive the illiterate from power .This argument shows a view against representative government which is a key feature of democracy. Fears of tyranny of majority by the uneducated poor as a result of the arrival of mass democracy which result into the destruction of a civilized society and moral order are also expressed by Gasset.As well as this liberals feared excessive democracy because democratic systems that widen access to political put to work tend to be characterized by growth in interventionism and the problem of over-government. Such intervention may part the efficiency of market capitalism and therefore contradict early liberals belief that the market should be free from government interference. As a result excessive democracy may disadvantage the mass of citizens in the long run.By the twentieth century, however, many liberals had come to see democracy as a virtue. Democracy b roadens and deepens popular participation. According to Mill the most important advantage of democracy is that it promotes the highest and most harmonious ontogeny of human capacities. It is true to say that democracy stimulates civil participation in the political decision-making process creating a better-informed and politically sophisticated citizenry.Consequently Rousseau and Mill claimed that in the absence of democracy ignorance and brutality will prevail. in advance(p) liberals have come to understand that democracy has educational benefits as citizens enhance their understanding and achieve a higher level of personal development. Democracy therefore takes a developmental form in the twentieth century.In addition democracy restrains freedom by allowing citizens to protect themselves against tyrannical governments and unpopular policies. In the 17th century classical liberals such as Locke argued that voting rights should be extended to the propertied who could then defend their natural rights against government. Jeremy Bentham and James Mill , nineteenth century liberals developed the notion of democracy as a form of protection for the individual into a case of world-wide suffrage.This meant that individuals would vote to defend their interests and that is the only way of promoting the greatest happiness of the greatest number. However as time went by Lockes theory of protective(p) democracy has been transformed into a developmental view of democracy. For example a greater sympathy for habitual suffrage is shown by Jamess Mill son John who argues for the empowerment of women and against the plight of workers, wake he had moved from a protective to a developmental view of democracy.Since the twentieth century liberal theories about democracy have tended to focus less on consent and participation and more on the need for consensus in society. Pluralist theorists have argued that organized groups not individuals play the most important role in the p olitics of increasing complex modern societies which are characterized by competition amongst rival interests. Therefore democracy has the benefit that, in giving a political voice to all competing groups and interests in society it binds them to the political system and tends to promote consensus thereby maintaining balance and political stability within modern societies.Therefore in conclusion nineteenth century liberals mostly feared democracy but as time went by liberals of the twentieth century came to recognize its benefits .Even though there are conflicting ideas within liberalism and democracy, the liberal acceptance of universal suffrage, the key feature of democracy, has led to an acceptance to all the elements of democracy including majority rule and representative government. This is because liberals were commensurate to create solutions to prevent the extremes of democracy .This can be seen with the example of majoritarianism when the liberal element of checks and bala nces prevents the tyranny of the majority.

The Role of Technology in Quality Education

THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN QUALITY EDUCATION Dr. R. Sivakumar Assistant Professor plane section of bringing up Annamalai University Introduction Quality reproduction is a universal goal. It is common to hear arguments that instructional technology lead be the key to teachingal quality as we enter the new millennium. Investment in didacticsal technology is urged upon policy-makers as the path to trainingal quality.In fact, enthusiasts for fosterageal technology debate that quality has and will continue to increase rapidly, creating a new developmental culture Whatever problems exist ar seen as ones which bed be handled through better administrative and technological planning that is, technology believers perceive no intrinsic obstacles to total quality assurance using information technology in high education. other voices question educational technology as a panacea.The problems associated with technology in the college classroom in impairment of issues such as poo rly functioning equipment, over-promotion of technology-based acquisition to pupils, and lack of quality in courses delivered by technology. educational technology who say students choosing online courses are not getting the education they pay for, and question whether universities should be providing such instruction.The American Federation of Teachers and other readiness organizations have also raised serious cautions about web-based education and have even gone on strike over it. Technology in Quality learning In response to growing criticism of the recent, rapid, unregulated growth of distance education, a number of recognised higher education organizations have formulated quality standards and guidelines. The principles have been endorsed by a number of higher education governing and policymaking bodies in the world, as healthy as by the regional accrediting lodge.The core assumption of these guidelines is that, The institutions programmes holding specialized accredita tion meet the selfsame(prenominal) requirements when offered electronically. Since these guidelines are a widely-accepted definition of quality as apply to online education, they are quoted below * Each program of study results in study outcomes grant to the rigor and width of the degree or certificate awarded. * An electronically offered degree or certificate program is coherent and complete. The program provides for appropriate real-time or delayed interaction amidst capability and students and among students. * Qualified faculty provides appropriate oversight of the program electronically offered. * The program is consistent with the institutions role and mission. * Review and approval processes ensure the appropriateness of the technology being used to meet the programs objectives. * The program provides faculty support go specifically connect to teaching via an electronic system. The program provides training for faculty who teach via the use of technology. * The prog ram ensures that appropriate learning resources are available to students. * The program provides students with clear, complete, and timely information on the curriculum, course and degree requirements, nature of faculty/student interaction, assumptions about technological competence and skills, technical equipment requirements, availability of academic support services and pecuniary aid resources, and lives and payment policies. Enrolled students have reasonable and adequate access to the range of student services appropriate to support their learning. * Accepted students have the background, knowledge, and technical skills needed to undertake the program. * Advertising, recruiting, and admissions materials distinctly and accurately wreak the program and the services available. * Policies for faculty evaluation include appropriate consideration of teaching and scholarly activities connect to electronically offered programs. The institution demonstrates a commitment to ongoing support, both financial and technical, and to continuation of the program for a period sufficient to enable students to complete a degree/certificate. * The institution evaluates the programs educational effectiveness, including opinions of student learning outcomes, student retention, and student and faculty satisfaction. Students have access to such program evaluation data. * The institution provides for assessment and documentation of student achievement in each course and at completion of the program.Empowerment in Online Education Technology enthusiasts believe online methods will liberate learning from the confines of the lecture hall, precisely it can be difficult to reconcile distance education with empowerment of students and faculty. One common tactic where empowerment is a goal of distance education at all is to keep guidelines-from-on-high to a minimum and to rely on local autonomy. Recent position, quality assurance in distance education, however, have noted with dism ay the swear toward standards imposed from above. Remote learning would simply lead to students staying at home in front of computer keyboards instead of being taught in a school environment. This is way out of touch with the expectations of equivalenceents who want their children to school both sociablely with other students and educationally under the guidance of qualified teachers. Online Education and Community The confederacy of scholars was central to the traditional concept of higher education.The thrust of online education advocacy is to broaden the concept of community in non-traditional ways, particularly through partnership with or even contracting out to the business community. educational institutions in all advanced countries encounter strong incentives for private sector partnering since the high costs of multimedia-rich online curricula are often beyond what a single local college can afford. In the traditional community of scholars the student was mentored as a n apprentice and eventually became a co-investigator in research and creative activity.Advocates of online education argue that this ruling of academic community will be enhanced through the wonders of technology. Online education is frequently the province of the campus enceinte education unit, not the academic departments. Often instructor participation is an overload, potentially seducing faculty away from research. Administrators try to use online education to increase academic productivity and, as discussed elsewhere in this essay, seek cost savings in an atmosphere unfavorable to the research function.Moreover, most institutions have found that online education is as such very demanding of valuable faculty time, which can also take away from research. On the student side, the social distance inherent in online education seems to make students want clear, precise, objectives-oriented curricula which may represent a tapered of education, and may make them unlikely candidates for collegial work on faculty research projects. The reality of online education is that it favors a transition from traditional notions of academic community toward a much narrower, transactions-based model.Online Education and Learning self-sufficiency Online education faces the paradox that it is best undertaken by students with strong autonomous learning skills, yet at the same time the disconnectedness of students from teachers seems correlated with insistent student demands for clearly structured learning assignments and schedules. Students frequently facial expression the need for ongoing communication with their instructor. A commonly expressed student need is that for very clearly and explicitly articulated course learning objectives.That is, online pedagogy seems more(prenominal) associated with cyber distance than with virtual community, and students quickly mother motivated to seek to overcome cyber distance through increased course structure, reducing learning auton omy. Online education is part of a cost reduction effort, requiring human resources to be stretched to cover more credit hours, faculty resignation to the training mentality of outcome-based evaluation is all but assured except, of course, in environments which do not even bother to attempt to enforce quality assurance standards. Online Education and Critical ThinkingOnline education can handle instruction-to-facts more easily drill-and-practice is the forte of computer methods. Ironically, in contrast, traditional education with its supposedly uncreative lecture hall methods has prided itself in its ability to inculcate critical thinking skills. surpass education administrators are aware that critical thinking of online methods. Therefore it is not unusual to find that quality assurance standards for online education make reference to student thinking skills, independent learning skills, teamwork and communication skills, and other aspects of critical thinking.Moreover, intellig ent-agent and workgroup quislingism software often are targeted directly at encouraging critical thinking skills. Critical thinking can be inculcated using technology such as cyber mentoring and video theater. A love-hate relationship exists between online education and critical thinking skill development. Writing assignments are image to help develop critical thinking and while online methods can enhance collaborative writing, in general online courses are associated with less writing, not more.Socratic discussion with faculty is also thought to inculcate critical thinking, but while online methods in possibility could enhance discussion, in reality online courses are associated with far less instructor-oriented discussion. Critical thinking is also thought to be associated with problem-solving going beyond computational mechanics to consideration of complex causal and value systems, but while intelligent tutoring software does exist, the open-endedness of creating problem-solvin g together with the asynchronous nature of most online education mean that in practice online courses rarely develop the problem-solving approach.Online Education and Educational Quality In comparing computer-mediated distance education with traditional face-to-face teaching experiences, while distance education increases access to education, one may well find decreases in instructional quality brought about by increased faculty workload, problems of adapting to technology, difficulties with online course management, and related obstacles. By focusing on instruction to learning objectives, as with traditional instruction-to-test approaches, test performance standards are usually met by online courses.Although tested output of electronic education is often on a par with conventional teaching, this does not mean educational quality is unaffected however. Many observers find in natural online education offerings a substantial narrowing of the concept of education to the detriment of s tudents. One of the recurring problems of computer-mediated education is that it is programmed around concrete learning objectives. Conclusion Many educational technology writers, in fact, explicitly argue that quality education using computer methods must be built on a installation of clearly-defined competency-based curricular objectives.Online education is now arousing academic resistance. The emergence of a two- stratum educational system a more expensive upper tier with sound traditional education supplemented with the benefits of full online access, and a cheaper inferior tier dispensing programmed training which meets objectives far narrower than the traditional goals of liberal education. References Barnard, John (1997). The World Wide Web and higher education The promise of virtual universities and online libraries. Educational Technology, Vol. 37, No. 3 (May-June) 30-35. Special issue Web-Based Learning. Bergeron, Bryan P. (1996).Competency as a prototype for technology -enabled instruction and evaluation, Journal of Instruction Delivery Systems, 10(2) 22-24. Hillesheim, Gwen (1998). The search for quality standards in distance learning, In Distance Learning 98, Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning, (14th, Madison, WI, August 5-7, 1998). Pakkiff, Rena M. and Keith Pratt (1999). Building learning communities in cyberspace Effective strategies for the online classroom. San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass Roth, Brenda F. and Denisha Sanders (1996). Instructional technology to enhance teaching. New Directions for Higher Education, 94 21-32.